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Bailey, A. Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues. Ageing Dev. Nalla, R. Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Koester, K. How tough is human bone? The tougher the material, the more energy required to cause a crack to grow to fracture. For a particular alloy, lower fracture toughness corresponds to less ductility. For example, glass has very low toughness and is very brittle. Conversely, for a certain load, as the fracture toughness increases, a component can tolerate a longer crack before fracturing.
As shown in the figure below, for any particular alloy, the toughness decreases as the tensile strength increases. Consequently, when high toughness and high strength are both required, it is often necessary to change from one alloy to a different alloy that satisfies both requirements. Designers are often tempted to use a material that is as strong as possible to enable them to minimize component cross-section. However, this can inadvertently lead to using a material with insufficient fracture toughness to withstand fracturing if a small crack forms in the material during component manufacturing or during use.
Fatigue stress is one possible cause of cracks. The formation of cracks in components exposed to fatigue conditions is often expected. In these situations, knowledge of the fracture toughness is required to determine how long the component can remain in service before a crack grows so long that the intact cross-section of the component cannot support the load, and the component fractures.
This applies to aerospace components and pressure vessels such as boilers. The strength must be large enough that the material can withstand the applied loads without deforming.
The toughness must be sufficient for the metal to withstand the formation of fatigue cracks without failing catastrophically. More information about the relationship between strength, toughness and fracture behavior is in Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials by R.
Reprinted with permission. Michael Pfeifer, Ph. In the world of metal tools, drill bits and grinding discs must be extremely hard to be able to handle high amounts of friction.
Strength: The amount of force necessary for a material to deform. The higher the force required to change the shape of the material, the stronger the material is. Steel is notoriously difficult to pull apart, hence it has a high strength. Toughness: How well the material can resist fracturing when force is applied. Toughness requires strength as well as ductility, which allows a material to deform before fracturing.
Do you consider silly putty to be tough stuff? Under these terms, believe it or not, it actually is relatively tough, as it can stretch and deform rather than break.
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